Compare the theme of outsiders in Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Comp be the theme of outsiders in Frankenstein EssayD, so he wanted to join the terrorist group to render revenge. In this respect Daz is similar to the monster, they are both willing to commit heinous crimes for vengeance. Del thats my brovver thay catch im raiding wiv Dred. Top him dont thay. This quote shows how Dazs brother was killing in a raid with Dred. After the night in the Blue Moon where he saved Zoe and her friends, Daz finds himself an outcast from both societies. He was still physically a chippy, which means he is not allowed in Silverdale however, he helped out the enemy subbies which make him not an accepted chippy.After Daz and Zoe they contact each other finished letters and finally when they meet, the reader recognise that Daz does not want to be a chippy. Throughout this novel we are constantly reminded of this forbidden love. I seen this Subby girl, our mam. immobilise her, Daz. non easy, our mam. Not easy. Daz is given a negative response from hi s mum, when he explains that he has met Zoe. However, once Daz meets Zoe he realises he does not want to be an outsider any longer, Dazs priorities and views of subbies change. Like Victor, Daz is very determined he takes a lot of risks for Zoe and to make his exsertlihood better.It appears to the reader that Zoe has the perfect life, money, nice houses, cars and good facilities. However it becomes forever clear that Zoe feels trapped and unhappy. Zoe is an outsider because after she meets Daz, Silverdale citizens see her as a chippy lover. Thats why we have fences and lights and guards some kids get fed up being cooped up a suburbs a pretty nice place but any place with a fence aroundll get to you, eventually. This quote shows the reader how a Subby stripling can become fed up with the enclosed lifestyle.Zoe feels this because she is brainwashed into believing her existence is happy and enjoyable. Similar to Daz, when the two forbidden lovers meet her priorities changes. Zoe the loyal and firm working daughter rebels against her parents old fashioned and single minded views. Unlike Daz, Zoe is an outsider by choice. Her easiest option could have been to lead a normal life as a young, well-educated Silverdale resident. Nevertheless, Zoe decides to leave the suburb and live in the city, choosing to become an outsider from two societies.Zoe chooses to be an outsider and is similar to Victor she sees that defend things that are important to her holds great risks. For the first time I contemplated the enormity of the step I had just taken This quote shows how Zoe realises that she has left her Subby life to live in the city this is the first physical sign of her becoming an outsider. In Daz 4 Zoe Zoes Grandmother is not an obvious outsider. To begin with Grandma is not a visible outsider, although later we go on to find she is the founder of the illegitimate organisation.She is very similar to Robert Walton as they are both outsiders in their thoughts and views, however they are not outcasts. Grandma was part of an underground outfit called F. A. I. R, which stands for Fraternal Alliance for Integration through Reunification. Resembling Victor, Robert Walton and Zoe, she is an outsider through choice and these views influence Zoe. Daz 4 Zoe and Frankenstein both discuss outsiders in society, and how people can be born outcasts and how others chose to be secluded from society because of their ambitions, beliefs or interests.We read how Daz and the Monster we forced into seclusion, isolated from society. alike how Zoe, Victor, Grandma and Robert Walton choose to live their lives dangerously and even unhappily because of their thoughts. The nineteenth century literature and the contemporary novel are relevant to todays society. In the boon culture we have different castes, religions, races even different accents, Daz 4 Zoe shows an extreme version of abused power and prejudice. Due to advances in medical science in the present day li mbs can be sewn on, body parts reshaped new skin tissue be formed.Frankenstein again shows excessive power, since the novel was written we have had cloning and artificial body parts The two novels both are severe results of social issues we have today. I feel the moral of the two novels combined is that with no action, modern society could find themselves in these difficult situations. 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This assimilator written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section. Download this essay Print Save Not the one? Search for

“The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down” by Anne Fadiman Essay Example for Free

The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne Fadiman EssayAnne Fadimans The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down explores the depth and complexity of heathenish understanding, particularly between the American culture and the Hmong culture of Laos. To do this, Fadiman made of an account of a case of a Hmong child who suffered from epileptic seizure. Here, she elaborately narrated how Lia Lee, a seven-year old Hmong girl, got caught between the run afoul in beliefs among her American doctors and Hmong parents. While Lias parents totally call up in the Hmong traditional way of healing, her American doctors on the other(a) hand strongly believe on the power of modern medicine. From this theme the book of Fadiman in general revolved. One of the subtopics that were discussed in the book also dealt with inter pagan communication. Among all the characters in the novel, the Lee parents, Foua and Nao Kao, were the ones who learned approximately about this. From the story, we f ound out that the Lee parents belonged to the some of the Hmong masses who migrated from Laos to America due to Laos War. With this a background, we could claim that the Lees did the adjusting with their new environment. However, in Fadimans point-of-view, the other way around happened. To prove this, Fadiman wrote that the Hmong tribe are one of the proudest cultural groups. She mentioned that the Hmong do no like to take orders that they do not like to lose that they would rather flee, fight, or die than surrender that they are not intimidate by being outnumbered that they are rarely persuaded that the customs of other culture, even those more powerful than their own, are superior, and that they are capable of getting very raging (Fadiman, 1997 p. 17). She also wrote that Hmong people migrated to America not to hope for assimilation but to resist it, just like what they did when they left China (Fadiman, 1997 p.183).However, although the Lee parents seemed to be so proud and fi xed with their beliefs regarding healing of their child, at the end, they finally agreed with Lias American doctors with her medication. However, the American doctors claimed that if Lias parents followed them earlier, then Lia would not end up having her idea dead. From this, we could conclude that certainly, Foua and Nao Kao had learned that intercultural communication is important in dealing with problems. Moreover, the couple learned how to adjust and balance their own beliefs and practices with those of other culture. The conflict in cultural beliefs in healing was also the most significant topic explored in the text. The clashing of Lias parents and her American doctors was one of the reasons for Lias narrow down. The Hmong couple strongly believed that the condition of their child was qaug dab peg translated as the spirit catches you and you fall down. In the Hmong culture, this means that the soul has left the body, thus Lia would become spiritually-gifted. On the other ha nd, the doctors strongly believed that Lias condition is dangerous and must be taken with serious and modern medication. Because of this conflict in beliefs, Lias condition worsened. However, this could suck up been prevented if at the start, both parties valued the importance of intercultural communication. For example, instead of not complying in the giving of Phenobarbital to Lia (Fadiman, 1997 220), the couples should have listened first to the views of Lias doctors regarding her condition. If this has happened, the separation of Lia from her parents due to an order court, which caused as well much stress on Lias part, could have been prevented. The situation, as Fadiman described in her interview with Lias nurses, made Lia crying four days straight.Smearing feces, exquisite crying again. Stripped herself . . . went on a wave of destruction. Had to sedate her (Fadiman, 1997 p.87). On the other hand, if the American doctors had ac acquaintanced the importance of Hmong beliefs and practices for the Lee couples, then they could have helped all(prenominal) other in dealing with Lias condition. In addition, the American doctors should have shown an open mind for the couples opposite views regarding health and healing.For example, they should not have pointed the blame to the Lee couples when Lias condition worsened. In fact, according to Fadiman, Lias condition did not worsen because of the non-compliance of her parents. In Fadimans interview with the pediatric brain doctor who observed last Lia and who came from a different hospital, he said that Lias worse condition was due to her long stay in the hospital. Fadiman wrote that the doctor arranged her to Go back to Merced, and tell all those people at the MCMC that the family didnt do this to the kid. We did. (Fadiman, 1997 p.255). Through this, at least intercultural communication and understanding had been observed. In relation to this, the people from MCMC, the hospital where Lia was confined, were one the significant people in not only in Lias life, but in the Hmong community in California as well. Their actions in dealing with Lias case could be said as a reflection of their understanding of Hmong culture.If I were the hospital administrator of MCMC, I would give notice that the hospital hold a special division for Hmong patients. All people that would be assigned in here should have a vast knowledge on Hmong culture. In that way, the hospital could better serve the Hmong people. In addition, I would suggest that all hospital employees be sensitive and open with Hmong beliefs and practices.Finally and the most important one, I would suggest that all hospital employees practice communicating culturally with the Hmong people. This would prevent both parties from misinterpreting and misunderstanding each other. In dealing with the conflict with their medical beliefs, it is important that the hospital employees could explain well to the Hmong people their views regarding modern pr actice of medicine. In that way, Hmong people and American doctors could meet halfway to help one another.

Research Into Youth Gang Culture Criminology Essay

Research Into Youth Gang Culture Criminology EssayA Conduct your own investigate into youth gang culture.This research analyse the myths realities surrounding the highly conundrumatic of youth gang in the UK. There is little research into the gang line in the UK which has led to the large amount of research from the USA being involved to the UK.Key atomic number 18as in this research were the analysis of different theories of youth gangs, the utilize of different subcultural concept in order to explain the emergence of youth gangs the impact of the press in changing public perception and government reaction, as the effect this has on official statistic.Hallsworth Young 2008 stated the gangs was for the first time clearly linked to the problem of urban effect and use of weapon in the UK suggested a Home Office report 2008, published following the rise in gang related incidents, which were the focus of much media attention. The Centre for Social referee 2009 went on the state that media coverage has at times been suggestive of an expansion in gang related youth violence, extraordinary headlined television documentaries relating to gang violence death as well the involvement of girl gangs in the UK. Indicated that the issue is similar to that in the USA where the common perception is that this group are armed, stark ready to kill Hallworst Young 2008. Every time a youth is killed as a result of street violence, particularly when it involves knives or guns, questions are move through the press as to whether the incident was linked to gangs Hallsworth Young 2008. However, it is stated that much of the press report in the UK are not backed by practical evidence of a large scale issues.The issue with defining gangs, the use of word gang can lead to events which can not be gang related defined as such Marshall 2005. The Greater Vancouver Gang study identified group who were recorded by the police as a gang even though they did not consider themselves t his way Gordon 2000. Bullock Tilley 2002 stated that almost all who belong to informal group might be deemed to be gang member even if they are not criminal, despite previous studies such as Willmotts 1966 survey in East London demo that it is usual for youths of eighteen to go around in small group Farrington West 1977.Hallsowrth Young 2008 stated that there is a small consensus on what groups are gang and this stay the subject of on going debate. They explained that were 3 level of delinquent collective Marshall 2005Peer group are the most common, implicated in petty but un nonionised crime.Gangs who are more likely to use deadly violence protect their territory than other street groups Sanders 1994 cited in Bennett Holloway 2004. coordinate Criminal group who operate black markets, where specific view crime their regular occupation Marshall 2005 and where youths can operate as part of the adult organised groups Stelfox 1998.Peter Stelfox found it difficult to find a general ly agreed theory of a gang which was applicable to the UK issues Pitts 2007. He stated on a broad theory to suit the aims of his research , showing that a gang criminal purpose, but uses violence the threat fear of violence to further a criminal purpose , but excluding football hooligans terrorist Stelfox 1998. This theory Stelfox found a national follow of 72 gangs in the UK. Those using alternative theories for example the metropolitan Police 2006 cited in Pitts 2007 recorded169 youth gangs in London and Hallsworth Youngs 2008 discovered state that gang membership in the UK is no more than 37% of the youthful population. The problem that will arise when trying to identify youth gang using different theoriesThe majority of untested wad are law-abiding citizens who a priceless contribution to community. Young people are disproportionately more likely to be the victim of violence to scary about the impact in their live. British Crime Survey evaluate that young men from 16 t o 24, for example are more than four times more likely to become the victim of violent crime than general population and there were over 500,000 violent incident against 10 to 15 years olds in 2010/11A young persons risk of being a victim of violence is heavily determined by their age, sex class. Family elements like parental neglect or violence are important, but so too are broader community elements like local attitudes to the illegal economy or high crime rates.What elements lead young people to commit serious violence areEarly childhood neglect abuseIll health in the familyParental violence drug colonySchool exclusion early conduct disordersViolent victimisation repeated hospital visitEarly involvement in local gangsGang membership also drives serious violence. Data on gangs is not systematically recorded in the UK, evidence suggest that gang membership is relatively rare. Youth surveys discombobulate found that 2 to 7% of youth people aged between 10 19 years report be ing a member of a gang.Gang played a small, but significant role in the riots earlier this year. Across the 10 Forces where the disorder was most prevalent a total of 417 arrestees during the event of the disorder were reported to be members of gangs 13% of the total._____________________________

Ageing and Disability in New Zealand

Ageing and Disability in overbold ZealandHistory of Ageing in New ZealandOn a National level during the 1860s there were charitable institutions set up by charitable aid boards to help obsolescenter mess in New Zealand. But prior to the 1880s, the New Zealand authorities did not stomach wellness or welf be policies aimed towards cured commonwealth. Mortality rates indeed were high than it is today. The service delivery for aged finagle in New Zealand historically developed on a regional basis causing variable quantity differences in the type of delivery and serve for the health of of age(predicate)er passel.In 1885 the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act made a policy that distinguishes the connections between ageing , disease and impairment which led to ageing becoming a medical terminology.Then in 1889 the first publicly provided bounty was created and called a pension for persons of good use that were aged 65 and above. It was seen as a better alternative t han the exiting civil list which relied on grace and favour which meant that only a few quite a little will be able to get it. This reform was made to recognize the contributions of Maori and Pakeha in the land wars and this was handled mostly on a Regional level where government handled the funding , the local courts decided the eligibility and the post office sent out the payments. This strengthened the institutionalisation as the best way to c ar for the ancient and 65 was the statutory age for for retirement and pension has become a source of income which withal led for ageing to be assessed medically for an old person to be eligible for reliever.Nationalisation for the welfare of the elderly was realised with the creation and passing of the Social Security Act of 1939, by this time New Zealand was world renowned for its advanced social welfare policies including old-age pension. It introduced free healthcare go to the elderly and and provided a wide range of welfare benef its. The establishment of the act made it less(prenominal) bearrictive for older citizenry to receive their pensions and medical benefits. The Act introduced a concept that either New Zealand citizen had a right to an appropriate standard of alimentation and that it was the responsibility of the community to make certain that every member is safe against the pitfalls of a struggling economy from which the tidy sum cannot protect themselves. It was thought of as a solution that will abolish poverty in New Zealand. It had three main objectives as a substitute for the existing trunk of non-contributory pension system and change it to a monetary benefits system where its citizens would be contributing according to their means and could take from according to what they need to provide a nationalised superannuation or pension and to start a universal system for the delivery of medical care benefits.In 1949 subsidies and grants was offered to religious and welfare organizations to b uild and run rest homes which resulted in the growth of services available for older pot in particular to residential care.In 1955 the Advisory Committee on the Care of the Aged was naturalised but changes were still far from being made as the care for the elderly is still focused on medical issues so it remained institutionalized. But in the 1960s, subsidies increased to help for the care of the elderly and it was recognised that support in the community level was needed.The 1970s and 80s saw the change in funding for elderly care and it moved away from charitable and voluntary to the private sector which led to more than 30% increase in the number of licensed rest homes in the country.The Geriatric Hospital Special Assistance Scheme was introduced, this scheme allowed hospital boards to put patients seeking public care into private ones and by the end of 1985 81% of patients in Aucklands elderly population was under the GHSAS.In 1993 the Regional health Authorities was establis hed and introduced a division between the health care providers and purchasers. Funding was separated into acute and chronic care. The RHA contracted with public providers regarding acute care, rehabilitation and clinical services and religious or welfare season chronic care was contracted to private providers. This saw a marked in increase in the establishment of rest homes reaching up to 460% in some areas.In 2002 a new certification system saw the deregulation of the aged care industry and allowed facilities to develop their own staffing ratio. This year the Health of erstwhile(a) People Strategy was drafted, the strategy sets out a program to refocus health and support services to meet the needs of older people in the current and future situations. It is designed to be a guide to providers, planners and funders of health support services in the integration of the continuum of care. This ensures that the right services are provided at the right time in the right place by the ri ght provider. This calls on everyone in the health industry to work together in the interest of providing quality health services for older people.Policies , Strategies and FundingNew Zealands Health of Older People Strategy outlines policies, strategies, guidelines and how funding will be provided in the care of older people. The strategy has eight core objectivesOlder people and their family/whanau are able to make well-informed choices on their options for a sinewy documentation, healthcare and their support needs.Quality health and harm support programmes will be integrated around the needs of older people and they will be helped by policy and service planning.3. The funding and service delivery will provide promotion of brisk access to a quality integrated and disability support services for older people, their family or their carers.4. The health and well being of older people will be promoted through programmes and health initiatives.Older people will have access to prima ry and community based health services that will promote and improve their health and functioning.Access to health services in a timely mainly to improve and maitain the health of the older people.Integration of general hospital services with any community based care and support.Older people that has high and complex health and disability needs shall be given access to flexible, prompt and well coordinated services and sustenance options that will take into consideration the needs of their family and carers.The Ministry of Health and the District Health Boards is responsible for useing the Health of Older People Strategy. The District Health Boards need to implement these strategies by 2010 and each of the District Health Boards will need to determine on when and how these strategies will be implemented. A few number of DHBs, e sparely those with a high number of older people in their population have already began and established working groups to plan and develop integration of a ll services for older people. They work closely with the Ministry of Health to ensure that continuum of care for the elderly is achieved. The Ministry of Health will be the monitor to the DHBs progress in implementing the Health for Older People Strategy against the plans they have set out on a yearly basis. They will also initiate a review of the progress every three years that will acquiesce with the status reports for the implementation of the Positive Ageing Strategy from the Ministry of Social Development. The Ministry will also undertake three-yearly reviews of progress to coincide with Ministry of Social Development status reports on implementing the Positive Ageing Strategy.The Ministry of Health will provide advice to the government on future funding for older peoples health and disability support services including the level of public funding and individual contributions and incentives for clients and service providers. The Ministry of Health is the one undertaking the re sponsibility of picture gallery three funding projects to contribute to this strategy.2.2Terminology for older peopleOlder people Aged 65 years and over and where superannuation or pension startsBaby boomers refers to people who were born after World War 1 and World War 2 where there was a marked increase in births per yearAgeism the negative stereotype or discrimination against people of older ageAge Discrimination the unfair and unequal treatment of people on the basis of age.Gerontology is the study of social, psychological and biological aspects of ageingGeriatrics the study of diseases in older peopleElderly advanced beyond middle ageSenior a person who is more advanced in lifeAttitudes , Stereotypes and Barriers Towards Older PeopleIn general people have negative views and attitudes towards older people. Like ageism which can be defined as systematic way of stereotyping and discriminating against people just because they are considered of old age. They are typically st ereotyped as frail, weak, ill, that they are suffering from mental health issues and mental deterioration, they are poor and dependent, they are called senile and ancient, elderly are thought to have no sexual desires . On the other hand some people view old people as people living in extravagant lifestyles and that they just take from the welfare of the state. In addition to this since old people have benefits that they can get from the government oddly special services from the health and welfare sector people see old people as a burden to society. These stereotypes are in fact in direct contrast to the reality that in fact the majority of older people are leading fit, healthy and independent lives.It is said indirect forms of discrimination, such as barriers to access of services where older people are not being prioritized when they are accessing some form of service like for example lacking to have a phone line connected, inadequate bewitchation as a form of structural barr iers where elderly does not have access to agreeable ways of transportation, waiting in emergency or outpatient departments in hospitals and community services that are underfunded and frequent. There are ethnic barriers in meeting health needs like for example for the Maori, they perceive health in a holistic approach and they have the four cornerstones of Maori health that includes the mind, the spirit, the body and the family, and they believe in the practice of rangoa or traditional Maori medicine, often times this becomes a barrier because health care providers does not take this into consideration and therefore Maori are not able to access health services because they believe that Pakeha does not actualise how to treat them. Financial barriers are also experienced by the elderly especially if they have no family to support them and they have no savings to use. Another type of barrier is the communication barrier wherein the younger generation does not understand how to deal with the older people. It is often that some practices that were not done in the past are being accepted today , like for example anthropoid carers caring for female elderly, this causes a barrier in providing care for them.The Governments Positive Ageing priorities are outlined where the The Minister for Senior Citizens has identified three anteriority areas that are linked to the goals of the New Zealand Positive Ageing Strategy which are Securing employment opportunities for mature workers where they are given flexible working hoursEncouraging a change in attitudes towards ageing and older people by promoting intergenerational programmes and to reinforce the important contributions of older people to societyThe protection of rights and interests of older people by raising awareness of the abuse of the elderly and the prevention of neglectThe New Zealand Positive Ageing Strategy helps promote and reduce barriers experienced by older people. They also improve services that older people can access.They have Ten Goals which are1. Income provide adequate income for older people2. Health fair, prompt and accessible health services for older people3. Housing provide an affordable and proper options for housing to older people4. Transport provide transport services that older people can afford and have adequate access to5. Ageing in the community older people can be safe and secure as they age within the community6. Cultural diversity older people are given choices that are appropriate for cultural diversity in the community7. Rural services when accessing services in the rural communities , it will ensure that older people are not disadvantaged8. Positive attitudes to ensure and propagate awareness so people of all ages have a positive attitude towards ageing and older people.9. Employment opportunities it aims to pass on ageism and promote work opportunities that have flexible work hours for older people.10. Personal growth and opportunities to inc rease opportunities for personal growth for the older peopleUp to today even if there are strategies and programs being rolled out by the government to increase awareness about understanding people with old age but because of these negative attitudes, stereotypes and barriers older people perceive that they are denied to participate in making decisions about their life and their health. Elder abuse in the form of physical, verbal , emotional and neglect is common in the home and in residential facilities because of the wrong way people think about the elderly.2.3 value provisions and access frameworksOlder people find it hard to cope on their own especially if they do not have any family to support them. The Ministry of Health along with other agencies has service provisions and access frameworks that older people can utilise to help maintain their independence and quality in life, be able to stay in their own home as long as they can, and to be able to participate in their respect ive communities. back off services are funded and can be accessed through District Health Boards and these services are supplied by the Ministry of Health Disability Support Services, DHBs and Accident honorarium Corporation that usually hires a private contractor to provide services. These services include assistance with personal cares, household support, support for the older persons carer and support with equipments that older people may need to help with their safety at home. To be able to access these support services an older person must be a New Zealand citizen or resident who is eligible to receive publicly funded health services and they must meet the criteria after needs assessment. Older people who wish to access the services can coordinate with their local DHBs to be able to assessed on what support they are eligible for.The Ministry of Social Development also has service provisions and frameworks that are put in place to benefit older people likeProviding policy advi ce , research on retirement income and advice on a whole range of issues that affects the older peoplePromoting positive ageingProviding income security for veteransAdminister SuperGold Card, Community Services Card and Residential Care giftProvide funding for services that reduces the occurrence of elder abuse and neglect2.4 ReferencesAuckland District Health Board. (2013). Health of Older People. Retrieved fromhttp//www.adhb.govt.nz/planningandfunding/health%20of%20older%20people.htmMinistry of Social Development. (2007). Older People. Retrieved fromhttp//www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/ corporate/statement-of-intent/2007/older-people.htmlMinistry of Social Development. (2001). Positive Ageing Goals and Key Actions. Retrieved from http//www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/planning-strategy/positive-ageing/goals-and-actions.htmlMinistry of Health. (2013). What can you expect from home support services. Retrieved from http//ww w.health.govt.nz/your-health/services-and-support/health-care-services/services-older-people/support-services-older-people/what-you-can-expect-home-support-servicesMinistry of Health. (2014). Health of Older People. Retrieved fromhttp//www.health.govt.nz/our-work/life-stages/health-older-peopleMinistry of Health. (2002). Health of Older People Strategy. Retrieved fromhttp//www.health.govt.nz/publication/health-older-people-strategyNew Plymouth District Council. (2010). Positive Ageing Strategy. Retrieved fromhttp//www.newplymouthnz.com/CouncilDocuments/PlansAndStrategies/PositiveAgeingStrategy.htmnzOregon Department of Human Services. (n.d.). Myths and Stereotypes of Aging. Retrieved fromwww.oregon.gov/dhs/apd-dd-training/EQC Training Documents/Myths and Stereotypes of Aging.pdfJaqueline Villaflores Civil ID 13161001

Animal Biotechnology in Developing Countries

wight Biotechnology in Developing CountriesANIMAL BIO engine room FOR THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES APPLICATIONS, RISKS AND ETHICS TO BE CONSIDEREDABSTRACTIn majority of the ontogenesis countries, the drill of biotechnology associated to inventory has to be appropriate for the animal owners who lack re originations and who defy low land and few animals. Livestock is becoming highly necessary for the exploitation countries in terms of economic result, healthy life style and socio-economic objectives. Livestock takings is collaborated with technology for viable agriculture. Livestock is an integral part of the ecosystem and is an abundant source of animal biodiversity since local breeds drive home genes and characteristics that ar of great value. Molecular markers argon use to a great extent to determine and choose certain genes having coveted characteristics and to spread its use in artificial insemination, embryo off and dissimilar separate fruitful methods. These technolo gies are used extensively in contagious enhancement of the line of descent such(prenominal) as in oxen and buffaloes. Presently, biotechnology is utilized for the doing of vaccines and diagnostic kits. However, in the absence of seemly foundation, inappropriate man spring, wretched livelihood to farmers and lacking of available resources, still at that place is lot gap in the field. In spite of having some(prenominal) advantages, there are several risk factors and honest issues to be considered in genetically modifying animals for human consumption and animal welfare. This paper deals with the problems faced by the develop countries, applications of animal biotechnology to overcome these problems, risks involved and honest principles to be considered.INTRODUCTIONBiotechnology is considered to be necessary for the human survival and as a dickhead that forget enhance the quality of life of the muckle in the world 1. Genomics and biotechnology has a huge ability to comb at diseases that mostly affect the worlds poorest population 2. Although biotechnology is assumed to fire the life of the person in the world and allow a to a greater extent comfortable living, commercial considerations and socioeconomic goals that are believed by the society are in truth important 3. creature biotechnology is the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing or product of materials by animals or aquatic species to pull up stakes goods and services. The end product of livestock is expanding when compared to any new(prenominal) sector and by the year 2020, the livestock is supposed to become the most signifi stackt agricultural sector. The application of biotechnology in this sector will direct to a positive shift in the economic returns from livestock. 43% of the agricultural work is through the production of livestock where more than half of the agricultural yield is from the livestock of the develop countries and one third is from the developing countries.PROBLEMS FACED BY THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIESAdvantages of biotechnology call for only reached the developed countries, with billions in the poor countries largely excluded from these benefits. The practice of using the molecular biotechnologies and the novel breeding principles to the livestock animals by the developing countries is constrained by various factors. Dearth, malnutrition, inadequate hygiene and unemployment are common in the developing countries and techniques related to biotechnology have to be applied under these circumstances. Green revolution has been effective for farmers who have land but farmers who do not have land exist only on livestock and they have been condemned and remained poor. I think developing countries should be able to extend these techniques with the help of government agencies which would help improve their quality of life and living by considering the ethical, social and environmental issues into account.In developing ec onomics, the livestock has become very(prenominal) necessary for the expansion of agriculture. The quest for the products from livestock is the function of income and continuous improvement in the per capita income, increasing urban population and the alterations in the lifestyle and diet are improving the growth in production of livestock.By increasing the income and employment and by depreciating the rural poverty, the production of livestock leads to socioeconomic learning. The function of livestock is not only to provide aliment and nutrition but also acts as a supply in draught power and organic manure. Therefore livestock is necessary source of income and address the unemployment issue. This helps in reducing the poverty and scatters the income among the rural population that constitutes small landholders and a most of the livestock owners. During unfavorable environments, livestock after part be reverted into cash and therefore rouse be used during crop failure.IMPORTAN CE OF TECHNOLOGYAnimal biotechnology has various uses. Transgenic animals with improved growth rates, improved lean muscle mass, greater resistance to disease have been produced ever since the early 1980s 4. transmitted content of animals such as poultry, swine, goats and cattle have been modified so that they produce more amounts of human proteins in eggs, milk, blood and urine which helps in reservation of human pharmaceuticals. This therapeutics contains proteins demand for world such as enzymes, clotting factors, albumin and antibodies. Cows are genetically modified by injecting a bacterium containing growth hormone called bovine somatotropin (BST) to increase the milk production rate by 10 to 15 percent.Considerable number of genes and desired traits has been discovered in the livestock of Africa and Asia. Examples of such breeds from these continents are significant in the global level such as, buffaloes that yield milk with more amounts of fat and with greater quality of protein necessary for the production of mozzarella cheese, goats from chilliness countries that generate pashmina and toos- slender varieties of wool, Black Bengal goats that bear genes for high productivity, Garole sheep that bear genes for twinning and sheeps, camels and goats that are tolerant to tropical arid environment and can sustain extend with high lignin composition. Milk, meat and eggs production and the nutritional value, prevention of diseases and healthcare has been improved for these products through the use of biotechnology. Biotechnology is a impertinent developing tool for the growth of agricultural technologies.The greater profit of agricultural research and technology is that the poor can buy the products easily since both the average incomes and the use of these food products are improved 3. The improvement in the production of livestock has called for an increased value of land, labor and goods and services of non-agricultural origin therefore improving the overall growth in the economy. The rural population spends nearly greater part of their additional income on food. Therefore biotechnology can be applied to livestock production which leads to a greater nutritional significance in case the technology is aimed at the poorest producers. However, commercialization of agriculture has depleted the nutritional security of the rural population.APPLICATIONS OF THE TECHNOLOGYThere are many technologies that have been evolved to the livestock of both developing and developed countries. However, the large scale technologies that are efficiently utilized in the production of livestock in the developing countries comprises of protecting the animal genetic resources, enhancing reproduction, embryo transfer (ET), detecting and reducing diseases and increasing the nutrition value.1. TransgenicsGene related technologies have the tendency to boost the ability for the production of livestock thereby assuring larger profits for the farmers 2. The glob al adaption of genetically modified (GM) crops, which were grown on 67.7 meg hectares in 2003 compared with 2.8 million hectares in 1996, has had a greater impact on livestock feed. It is estimated that the United States of America, Argentina, Canada, Brazil and the Peoples Republic of China have 63%. 21%, 6%, 4% and 4% respectively, of the global transgenic acreage and that the most frequently grown crops are GM soybean (61%), maize (23%), cotton plant (11%) and canola (5%). Although research in medical field requires the use of transgenic animals such as mice, GM animals have not yet been discharged into the farms 3. The progress in the genetic alteration of the livestock is very slow when compared to the genetic alteration of crops for a wide range of reasons that include high costs, inappropriate gene transfer techniques and small generative rates of animals. Recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) techniques contribute to the expression of desires genes, to suppress the expr ession of unwanted genes, to modify certain genes to obstruct certain pathways. It was determined that approximately 30 enzymes are produced from GM bacteria, yeasts and moulds that are commercially available and most of these enzymes are utilized in the food industry.Milk produced from transgenic cattle has the ability to improve the production of some proteins or growth factors and this improved quality in the nutrient and therapeutic content in the composition of milk may have a greater impact on the development and the survival of the new-fashionedborn humans and animals. This transgenic alteration in the milk will lead to a greater use of milk and milk products in the fields of both agriculture and medicine. By improving the composition of the proteins in milk or developing a new protein in the milk is a value added opportunity for transgenic agriculture.2. CloningNuclear cloning is the process of creating new animals by introducing somatic nuclei into an unfertilized oocyte 5. In other words it is the process in which one single DNA molecule can give rise to an entire organism 6. Even though it was started in fishes to know the thermonuclear totipotency, it was extended for higher organisms like sheep where Dolly was the first cloned mammal. Genetically modified nuclear transfusion can play a break role in cloning with desired characteristics. Since it is a cell medicated transfer addition and deletion of the specific gene can be done depending on the gene of interest that is to be produced. Cloning can be used in preservation of indigenous breeds of global zoo pool which are commensurate to a local environment. Multiplication can be done rapidly which give uniform clones. This technology can be used as a therapeutic agent for several diseases like diseases like diabetes, spinal disorders and tissue damage by using the transplanted cells to replace the damaged tissue or using stem cells to differentiate into the specific cells of interest. Cloned an imals can be used as research models which give identical twins that have same pathway for their physiological activities rather than using animals with more genetic variability. It improves the quality and quantity of food products produced and also produces several disease resistant plants that reduce pollution indirectly.3. ersatz insemination (AI)Artificial insemination (AI) is a method by which sperm from male is collected, processed and stored and then is artificially inserted into the female reproductive tract for conception. AI is one of the most indispensable procedures for genetically improving farm animals and is extensively used for breeding dairy. 7. The recognition of AI method worldwide presents the development of other technologies, such as cryopreservation and sexing of sperm, estrous cycle regulation, and embryo harvesting, freezing, culture and transfer, and cloning 8.The rate of conception in the area of AI in the developing countries is little and hence the desired capacity on the animal development has not been accomplished. Artificial insemination has following advantages over natural breeding. The major benefit of AI is that it makes utmost use of superior sires. Earlier, very few could get the benefit of superior bulls. Naturally, a bull can be bred to 50 to 60 cows per year. In contrast, by AI, thousands of cows can be sired in one year by one bull. 9. Exposure of sires to contagious genital infections is prevented by utilizing AI thereby preventing the spread of such infections.4. embryo transfer (ET)To obtain genetically superior or important animals, animal breeders are attempting to get as many offsprings as possible. hormonal induction of multiple ovulations, followed by non-surgical collection of embryos and embryo transfer is extensively used 10.ET is one of the most important reproductive techniques in cattle that can elevate the genetic improvement. ET in cattle has lately acquired huge popularity with seedstock dairy a nd beef producers. Like artificial insemination, ET can significantly increase the number of offsprings 11.ET improves the reproductive ability of a cow because semen from one male can be utilized for a huge number of females, and by using a technique called superovulation, superior female can be made to provide more number of ovules. Cows that are not capable of sustaining pregnancy can still contribute by providing ovules for ET. Embryos can also be frozen and preserved in an embryo bank and used whenever required 12.5. In vitro production of embryosIn vitro production (IVP) of buffalo embryos has gained an importance because of less acceptance of AI and reduced superovulatory response in buffaloes 13. IVP contributes a good supply of embryos for analyse fundamental research on developmental physiology, farm animal breeding, embryo sexing, sperm injection, nuclear transfer, cloning and transgenesis. IVP leads to a favorable pregnancy and behave of the calf in buffalo. However, t he rate of success if less. Therefore IVP must be enhanced in the developing countries before it can be used in the cattle as well as buffaloes.6. Improving health through vaccinesVaccines are used for the prevention and control of animal and human diseases 14. by dint of biotechnology, new and enhanced drugs have been produced that lower production expenses and increase animal welfare by combating infections caused by bacteria and parasites 15.With the help of modern biotechnology techniques, new and improved animal vaccines have also been generated. Vaccines used to fight diseases such as foot and mouth disease, scours, brucellosis, shipping fever, feline leukemia and rabies. Test kits have been created to examine health of livestock and other animals. Molecular biology distinguishes the disease causing agents by sequencing the nucleotides and by determining the origin of these pathogens. These molecular diagnostic techniques are polymerase grasp reaction (PCR), monoclonal anti bodies and recombinant antigens. These approaches can be made better to promote their use in the developing countries.RISKS OF ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGYAlthough implementing this technology provides many benefits, there are also certain risks involved with this technology 18.Genetically modified animals interfere with nature and tend to affect normal wild type organismsGenetic diversity of organisms is narrowed down and existing modifies animals will be prone to diseases and threatened as a result.The safety of food containing or produced from engineered animals also raises questions in the public because of its unpredictability (toxic or allergic etc)It has huge impact on the normal farms and their employment.To start up the business, funds are essential which might be obtained from government or private enterprises which is doubtful due to lack of trust.It leads to Negative Globalization which is due to probable mistreatment of developing countries.There is also scope for mistreatment of animals causing stress and future abnormalities which will be opposed by animal welfare organizations like PETA (People for the honourable Treatment of Animals) etc.Procedures like cloning will reduce naturally occurring genetic variability.Animal biotechnology involves costly processes but the success rate is very lessThere might be transfer of pathogens and other disease causing organisms from the donors to recipient animals.The life expectancy of such animals even after spending both time and money is very less as they are subjected to strain to produce more and desirable products.Techniques such as embryonic cell nuclear transfer (ECNT) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) have raised apprehensions on human safety and animal health. The cloned animals tend to have a poor success rate for embryo development which is called as large offspring syndrome 19, placental abnormalities, edema, large umbilicus or perinatal deaths.Concerns still exist on the human consumption of cl oned animals.Several other moral and ethical concerns also pose risks in the use of animal biotechnology.ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE TECHNOLOGYToday, ethical, social, environmental and economic issues in animal farming are essentially associated with sustainable income and food security for millions of people in the developing countries 16. The major function of farm animals in social, cultural and economic welfare of world in the developing countries contrasts with the condition in developed countries. Basically, there are two areas of ethical considerations. One being the alterations in the genetic content of animals and the other being concerns on animal welfare. Animals are considered to be voiceless victims of science since the painful treatment given to these animals during slaughtering and transportation is contrast of the perceived sentiments and love for animals.Ethical considerations should be regarded on gene establish methods such as gene product that has its applicat ion in vaccination, genes used for treatment of diseases and to detect the source of infections and making of therapeutic agents through insertion of specific genes into living tissues. Ethical and social examination on the biosafety issues such as harm in the recipient animals and humans who consume transgenic products should be considered.Although transgenic methods such as introduction of a gene to get a desired trait, modification of physiological development and functions, increased reproductive capability, disease resistant animals prove to be of great benefit to the humans, biosafety, environmental risks should not be neglected. According to Monsanto which is an agrochemical company, bovine somatotropin is a natural protein add that improves the cows ability to produce milk 17. However, some organizations believe that Monsanto is pushing a drug that compels cows to work harder on the factory cattle farm, and that pollutes ordinary processes. Related disapproval has been obse rved against attempts to genetically altering animals so that they will generate high levels of growth hormone.Animal welfare and animal rights are frequently defiled in most of the developing countries. Certain laws such as anti-cruelty law and animal protection law should be adapted by all the countries so that animals are considered to have a fundamental value and are not solely instrumental for humans. Research should still be conducted to provide a safer and cheaper way of embryo transfer and artificial insemination in the developing countries.CONCLUSIONS AND REMEDIESProgress in the development of biotechnology is being made in many countries. However, only a small proportion of it is reaching the developing countries in the fields of conservation, animal improvement, diagnosis and control of diseases. However, farmers are not benefitted from the gene found techniques. Accessing novel technologies is very expensive for the developing countries and there is less investment for animal health and production. Although many discoveries have been developed in the laboratories by the developing countries, majority of them are not modified into appropriate products. Sufficient national and international platform through international donor consortium is required to pick off the cost to access the biotechnological products. In the developing countries, the money expended by the international organizations on animal biotechnology is insufficient. The World Bank, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the Consultative base on International Agricultural Research, the United Nations Development Programme, The United States Agency for International Development, The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, the International Development Research Centre, the Asiatic Development Bank and many such groups have to provide greater funds to the livestock sector. Contributing money in livestock has positive results in human development.I think, by identifying t he health needs and making use of the benefits of these technologies, developing countries can exploit biotechnology for enhancing human health. However, the risk factors and ethical issues should be considered not only by the developing countries but also by the developed countries. More studies and research has to be conducted to minimize the risks of applying these technologies. The government agencies should provide proper finance to apply these technologies and also provide trained labor to get a maximum benefit out of it.REFERENCEShttp//www.csrees.usda.gov/nea/biotech/in_focus/biotechnology_if_animal.htmlDaar, et al (2007), Hoe can developing countries harness biotechnology to improve health? BMC Public Health, 7346.M.L. Madan, Animal biotechnology applications and economic implications in developing countries (2005), Rev. sci. tech. Off. Int. Epiz., 24(1), 127-139.http//www.aboutbioscience.org/pdfs/Animal_Biotechnology.pdfhttp//www.epidna.com/showabstract.php?pmid=11985609red irect=yesterms=define+nuclear+cloningWells, 2005., Animal Cloning problems and prospects, Rev. Sci. tech.int. Epiz, 24(1),251-264.http//edis.ifas.ufl.edu/DS089Foote (2002), The history of artificial insemination Selected notes and notables, journal of animal science, 801-10http//www.world-agriculture.com/animalhusbandry/artificial_insemination_cattle.phpHashimoto (2009), applications of invitro maturation to assisted reproductive technology, journal of reproduction and development, 55, 1.http//www.brangusworld.com/documents/Estrus%20Sinchonization.pdfhttp//www.molecular-plant-biotechnology.info/in-vitro-fertilization-and-embryo-transfer-in-humans-and-livestock/advantages-of-embryo-transfer-in-cattle.htmNandi S et al., Production of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Embryos in virto Premises and Promises (2002), Reprod Dom Anim 37, 65-74.Kurstak et al., Towards new vaccine and modern vaccinology introductory remarks (1999), Elsevier- Vaccine 17, 1583-1586file///G/443-003.htmlKesavan (2005), et al., Ethical, Social, Environmental and Economic issues in Animal Biotechnology, Applications of gene based technologies for improving animal production and health in developing countries, 447-462.Levidow et al., (1997), How biotechnology regulation sets a risk/ethics boundary, Agriculture and human values, 14 29-43http//ucbrep.ucdavis.edu/PDFs/Animal%20biotech%20Food%20Expo.pdfYang et al., (2007), Risk assessment of meat from cloned animals, Nature biotechnology, vol 25, no. 1.

Kant Essay -- essays research papers

Isaac Newton had a new approach to the existence of lay and sequence that contradicted that of great philosophers such as Leibniz and Descates. Newton felt that space and period atomic number 18 infinite and independent of the body and mind, that the bodies and minds of the world existed in space and time and even without the presence of physical bodies there still would be space and time. He stated there are positions in space and time which are independent of the material entities that existed in them and that the principles of empty space and time are possible. In the Prolegomena, Immanuel Kant seems to have agreed in part with Newtons views of space and time and attempted to support Newton by presenting two forms of perceptiveness that would maintain Newtons thesis, these being judgments of perception and judgments of experience. Kant first described the readiness of a judgment of perception to become a judgment of experience. Judgments of perception are our own purely ind ividual perceptions of an object or feeling and may non be the same experience as that of another persons. He states that judgments of perception are merely subjective intuitions of an object and have no bearing validity. He believed that judgments of perception require no pure concept of understanding, but only the logical connection of perception in a thinking subject. Kant feels that for a judgment of perception to become a judgment of experience, the subjective observation of the object must be the same for all subjective perceptions thereby adequate universally true to all people, only then will the judgment becomes objectively valid and a pure concept and only then do we have an experiance. An example presented in the Prolegomena to address the difference between judgments of perception and judgments of experience also helps to understand how a judgment of perception becomes a judgment of experience through the notion of causality. The example stated is when the sun shines on a rock, the rock grows warm. This would be a judgment of perception if the statement remained as shown. We cannot say that just because the sun is shinning it caused the rock to warm. When we change the statement to the sun warms the rock, then this statement presents additional information to the original perception, that of cause. With the addition of causality, the statement becomes objecti... ...niverse does not conform to the laws of geometry. He showed that space-time may be a four-dimensional curve of space and that the fourth dimension is time itself. This new form of physical perception makes more sense if we assume that space and time are fitted to exist independent of the mind. Even though Kant was able to base many of the laws of science in philosophy, he was not able to show that space and time are tools we use to perceive our world and could never exist themselves absent of the mind. scientific laws must be judgments of experience and universally objective to b e considered laws of science because they need to have the ability to give all observers the same experience of a phenomenon. Where Kant is wrong is his belief of space and time as dependent upon the mind. New discoveries in physics have shown that space and time must be able to exist in the absence of the mind, proving that Kant was wrong in his presumption that space and time could never exist absolutely. Science today may have its simple-minded basis in philosophy, but the higher principles of science, particularly that of physics, are outside the understanding and thinking of philosophy.

Vincent van Gogh Essay -- Artists Art Biography Artist Gogh Essays

Vincent van GoghIn present time, Vincent van Gogh is probably the most widely known and highly appreciated person of postimpressionism. During his sketch lifetime, Vincents work went almost unknown to this world. His work now hangs in countless museums throughout the world and is considered priceless. His work became an important bridge between the nineteenth and 20th centuries.The artistic production-historical term, Postimpressionism was coined by Roger Fry a British art critic, who described the various styles of painting that flourished during the period from about 1880 to 1910 (Britannica). It was generally used for a well-off way to group together the generation of artists who sought new forms of expression during a pictorial revolution wrought by impressionism. Among these figures were Piere Bonnard, Paul Cenanne, Paul Gauglin, Odilon Redon, George Seurat, Henri de Toulouse- Lautrec, and of feast Vincent van Gogh (Britannica). avant-garde Gogh was born on March 30, 1853, i n the rectory of Zundert in Barbant (Burra). His father was a soft-spoken Dutch clergyman. The however thing Van Gogh got from his father, was the desire to be involved in the family church. Even at an early age, Vincent showed artistic talent but neither he nor his parents imagined that painting would take him where it did later in life. One of his first jobs came at the age of sixteen, as an art dealers assistant. He went to work for Goupil and Company, an art gallery where an uncle had been working for some time. Three of his fathers brothers were art dealers, and he was christened after the most distinguished of his uncles, who was manager of the Hague branch of the famous Goupil Galleries (Meier-Graefe). His parents were poor, so his rich uncle offered to take him ... ... the 20th century vogue in romanticized psychological biography. Who knows of how many other great paintings he could have completed in the interest years. Although his life was cut short, Vincent van Gogh h as since been recognized as one of the great geniuses of modern art. He was clearly one of the greatest postimpressionism painters of all time. whole kit CitedAuden, W.H. Van Gogh A self-portrait Letter Revealing his Life as a Painter. Marlowe and Company New YorkBritannica Concise Encyclopedia. 2008. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 9 Mar. 2008 .Burra, Peter Van Gogh, New York Collier Books 1962Meier-Graefe, Julius Vincent Van Gogh A Biography. Courier Dover Publications 1987 New York. Sweetman, David. The Love of Many Things A Life of Vincent Van Gogh. London Hodder and Stoughton, 1990.